Nationality: Egyptian

Hosni Mubarak served as Egypt’s president from 1981 to 2011, overseeing a period of relative stability, economic liberalization, and growing political repression. His long rule ended amid mass protests during the Arab Spring, leaving a complex legacy that continues to shape Egyptian politics.

Anwar Sadat (1918–1981) led Egypt from 1970 until his assassination, steering the nation through war, peace initiatives, and sweeping domestic reforms. His legacy remains contested but profoundly shaped modern Middle Eastern politics.