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Bashar al‑Assad has led Syria since 2000, succeeding his father Hafez al‑Assad. His presidency has been marked by economic reforms, a brutal civil war, and intense international scrutiny.
Hafez al‑Assad served as Syria’s president from 1971 until his death in 2000, overseeing a period of political centralisation, regional conflict, and extensive state‑led development. His rule left a complex legacy of stability, repression, and regional influence.