Era: Modern Medicine

Harvey Cushing (1869–1939) was an American neurosurgeon whose systematic approach to brain surgery and pioneering research on pituitary disorders transformed modern neurosurgery and endocrine medicine.

Hugh Hampton Young (1870‑1945) was an American urologist whose innovations in prostate surgery and bladder cancer treatment helped shape modern urology. He spent his career at Johns Hopkins Hospital, where he founded one of the first dedicated urology departments and trained generations of specialists.